Who has decided what — and what nobody has decided.
Regulators have arrived at strikingly different places, and the differences are not where people expect. The technology question is effectively settled: every regulator that has made a choice since 2018 has chosen C-V2X. The mandate question is wide open, and that divergence is the defining feature of 2026.
This page is the comparison. Underneath it sits the standards library — one canonical record per document, with its status, what it actually binds, and what was verified about it recorded separately. Counts and country links on this page are generated from that catalogue rather than written here, so they cannot drift from it.
The comparison, five columns wide.
| Technology | Spectrum | Fleet mandate | Trust model | Current state | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | C-V2X only | 30 MHz, 5895–5925 | None. NHTSA withdrew its V2V rulemaking in Nov 2023 | Multiple commercial SCMS operators, no federal governance rule | DSRC ceases 14 Dec 2026; USDOT deployment plan is non-binding |
| Canada | C-V2X, 3GPP Rel-14 | 30 MHz, 5895–5925 | None established | — | RSS-252 Issue 3 in force since 12 Dec 2025; OBU certification required, RSUs not covered |
| European Union | Technology neutral | 50 MHz to road ITS, 5875–5925; band 5875–5935 | None | CCMS: CPA, TLM, CPOC, multi-root ECTL | Decision 2026/1800 added 20 MHz channels from Jul 2026; the 5905–5925 one is I2V only |
| United Kingdom | Technology neutral | 50 MHz, 5875–5925 | None established | — | Licence-exempt since Mar 2023 under SI 2023/243, conditional on IR 2086 v2.0 |
| Germany | Technology neutral | 40 MHz, 5875–5915 generally assigned | None | EU CCMS | Vfg. 48/2021 as amended Nov 2025; above 5915 needs an individual assignment; expires 31 Dec 2026 |
| China | LTE-V2X only | 20 MHz, 5905–5925 | None; heavy subsidy and pilot programme instead | YD/T 3957-2021, TRCLA/TRCL | GB/T 45315-2025 published Feb 2025 as a recommended standard; ~4% penetration |
| Japan | C-V2X planned; ARIB STD-T109 at 700 MHz deployed | 30 MHz planned, 5895–5925 | None | — | Assignment targeted for FY2026; implementation goal 2030. The deployed system is a different band |
| South Korea | C-V2X | 20 MHz at 5855–5875 | None | — | DSRC sunset June 2027; TTA published a PC5 preconfiguration profile in Dec 2025 |
| Australia | Not named; EN 302 571 required | Above 5855 and up to 5925 | None | — | Class licence, no application and no fee, 23 dBm/MHz EIRP |
| India | C-V2X | 50 MHz proposed; 30 MHz (5875–5905) licence-exempt for OBUs | Draft mandate for all L, M, N from 1 Oct 2028 | Undecided; X.509-versus-1609.2 problem unresolved | TRAI recommendations pending; MoRTH draft in comment |
| Singapore | DSRC specified; no C-V2X instrument located | 5855–5925 for DSRC | None established | — | IMDA TS DSRC since Oct 2017; binding effect not established |
| Taiwan | Not established | Not established | None established | — | TCROS 2024 is an industry roadside message profile, not a radio regulation |
“None established” and “not established” mean that this research pass did not locate an instrument, not that none exists. Each claim above traces to a document record with its own verification note. Open the standards library →
What the table above is actually saying.
Technology convergence is complete at the policy layer. The US in 2020 and 2024, China in 2018, South Korea in December 2023, India in 2026, Japan for FY2026 — all C-V2X. The EU alone remains formally technology-neutral, and its installed base is ITS-G5. The UK and Australia are neutral in a different way: their instruments name no technology at all, and regulate the band, the power and the interference behaviour instead. How the technology argument ended →
Mandate divergence is now stark, and India is the outlier in the other direction. India is proposing full-fleet fitment by October 2028, including two-wheelers. The US has no mandate and withdrew its proposal. The EU has none. China mandates nothing and subsidises heavily. This is the defining regulatory asymmetry of 2026, and it means India will either lead the world in V2X fitment or produce the most instructive failure in the field. What regulators require and what manufacturers actually ship are two different tables, and the second is the shorter one. Who actually ships V2X today →
The national permission is not the regional band. The EU harmonised 60 MHz; Germany's general assignment opens 40 of it and expires at the end of 2026, with everything above 5915 MHz requiring an individual assignment. That gap between a harmonised designation and a national instrument is the most common source of wrong deployment assumptions in Europe, and it is why this section records member-state instruments separately rather than copying the EU range onto every country page. The German assignment in detail →
PKI interoperability is the unsolved global problem. Four broadly incompatible trust regimes — US SCMS, EU CCMS, China's YD/T 3957-2021, and India's prospective national ITS root CA — with India additionally facing a domestic X.509-versus-IEEE-1609.2 mismatch that nobody else has. The four models compared →
10 country files, 35 catalogued documents.
Counted from the catalogue itself rather than written down here, so this section cannot drift from what the site actually holds. The standards library carries one canonical record per document across 18 jurisdictions, 33 of them read from the publisher’s own text in the 29 September 2026 verification pass.
United States
2 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
Canada
1 catalogued document, each with its own record, and the context behind it.
European Union
4 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
United Kingdom
2 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
Germany
1 catalogued document, each with its own record, and the context behind it.
China
3 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
Japan · South Korea · Australia
8 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
India
2 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
Singapore
1 catalogued document, each with its own record, and the context behind it.
Taiwan
3 catalogued documents, each with its own record, and the context behind them.
Mexico, Brazil, France, Spain, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand have a catalogued document but no file here: the record in the standards library is the whole of what this site holds on them. A jurisdiction gets a page when there is enough verified material to fill one, not before.
Behind every cell in that table.
Standards library
One canonical record per document or edition, filterable by country, document type, status and technology, with the verification note on each.
Spectrum
Every allocation above, with exact band edges, channel plans and power limits.
V2X Intelligence
Monitored regulatory and standards developments as they are published, linked to the original source.
Last reviewed: 29 September 2026. Regulatory content decays quickly; every page in this section carries its own review date, and every document record carries its own verification date.
Questions this page answers.
Is V2X mandatory anywhere in the world?
Nowhere yet, as a fleet fitment requirement. India has published a draft that would require it on all new L, M and N category vehicles from 1 October 2028; its comment window closed in early September 2026 and no final notification had been published as of 17 September 2026. The United States withdrew its proposed V2V rule in November 2023. The EU has no fitment mandate. China subsidises heavily and mandates nothing.
Which V2X technology has won?
C-V2X, at the policy layer. Every jurisdiction that has made a technology decision since 2018 — the US, China, South Korea, Japan and India — has chosen it. The European Union is the exception, remaining formally technology-neutral after its 2019 delegated act was rejected on those grounds, and its installed base remains predominantly ITS-G5.
When does DSRC stop working?
In the United States, DSRC operations must cease by 14 December 2026; no new licences are being issued and existing ones are renewable only to that date. In South Korea, June 2027. In Europe, ITS-G5 remains fully permitted with no sunset.
How many jurisdictions does this site cover?
The standards library holds one canonical record per document across fourteen jurisdictions, and this section carries a detailed file for ten of them. Those numbers are generated from the catalogue, not typed here, so they move when it does. Coverage is a first tranche and not a worldwide completeness claim: where no instrument was located for a country, that is recorded as a gap in the research rather than as evidence that none exists.
Do V2X rules differ by country?
Substantially. Spectrum allocations range from 20 MHz in China to 60 MHz in the EU. Licensing ranges from Australia's no-fee class licence to India's proposed restriction of roadside operation to government agencies. Trust architectures are mutually incompatible across four regimes. A device designed for one market generally requires rework for another — which is why market scope should be decided before architecture, not after.
Last updated 2026-09-30 · Technical reference maintained by Ambimat Electronics, Ahmedabad, India. Corrections: v2x@ambimat.com